choline

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  • Name: choline
  • Description: Choline is a basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in ... lipid metabolism. Choline is now considered to be an essential vitamin. While humans can synthesize small amounts (by converting phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine), it must be consumed in the diet to maintain health. Required levels are between 425 mg/day (female) and 550 mg/day (male). Milk, eggs, liver, and peanuts are especially rich in choline. Most choline is found in phospholipids, namely phosphatidylcholine or lecithin. Choline can be oxidized to form betaine, which is a methyl source for many reactions (i. e. conversion of homocysteine into methionine). Lack of sufficient amounts of choline in the diet can lead to a fatty liver condition and general liver damage. This arises from the lack of VLDL, which is necessary to transport fats away from the liver. Choline deficiency also leads to elevated serum levels of alanine amino transferase and is associated with increased incidence of liver cancer. Choline is a choline that is the parent compound of the cholines class, consisting of ethanolamine having three methyl substituents attached to the amino function. It has a role as a neurotransmitter, a nutrient, a human metabolite, a plant metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. (HMDB0000097, CHEBI:15354)
Overview of age-variations
Age group comparisons
PMID Age/Age interval, Gender Value (unit of measurement) Method Sample
18384253 Age 24.5 ± 3, Gender ⚥ 0.99 (mean value of the compound area) LC-MS; GC-MS plasma
18384253 Age 40.8 ± 5.6, Gender ⚥ 1.02 (mean value of the compound area) LC-MS; GC-MS plasma
18384253 Age 55.6 ± 3.7, Gender ⚥ 1.11 (mean value of the compound area) LC-MS; GC-MS plasma
22081680 Age 24 ± 2.2, Gender ⚥ 0.23 (x10^(-3) mm^2/s) DW-MRS left centrum semiovale
22081680 Age 63 ± 7, Gender ⚥ 0.17 (x10^(-3) mm^2/s) DW-MRS left centrum semiovale
15708441 Age 26 ± 1, Gender ⚥ 1.83 (nM) H-MRS corona radiata
15708441 Age 54 ± 6, Gender ⚥ 2.04 (nM) H-MRS corona radiata
Linear regression
PMID Age/Age interval, Gender Value (unit of measurement) Method Sample
23709317 Age [20-39], Gender ⚥ 0.875 (β) magnetic resonance anterior cingulate cortex
23709317 Age [40-59], Gender ⚥ 0.952 (β) magnetic resonance anterior cingulate cortex
23709317 Age [60-89], Gender ⚥ 1.178 (β) magnetic resonance anterior cingulate cortex
23709317 Age [20-39], Gender ⚥ 0.444 (β) magnetic resonance posterior cingulate cortex
23709317 Age [40-59], Gender ⚥ 0.535 (β) magnetic resonance posterior cingulate cortex
23709317 Age [60-89], Gender ⚥ 0.55 (β) magnetic resonance posterior cingulate cortex
30659340 Age [20-70], Gender ⚥ 0.0045 (β) SVS-LCM parietal white matter
30659340 Age [20-70], Gender ⚥ 0.0111 (β) Hybrid parietal white matter
log2 ratio/log2(FC)
PMID Age/Age interval, Gender Value (unit of measurement) Method Sample
Summary
  • Synonym:
    bilineurine
  • Chemical Formula:
    C5H14NO+
  • Exact Mass g/mol:
    104.1075000
  • Systematic name:
    2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)azanium
  • SMILES:
    C[N+](C)(C)CCO
  • InChI:
    InChI=1S/C5H14NO/c1-6(2,3)4-5-7/h7H,4-5H2,1-3H3/q+1
  • InChI Key:
    OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • CAS number:
    62-49-7; 5413-08-1
Related resources
Pathway info P = product of S = substrate of
Metabolite sources and localization
  • Metabolite location:
    Human organism, Body part, Extracellular, Human body biofluids, Biofluid tissues, Blood, Blood cells, Platelet, Plasma, Cerebrospinal fluid, Breast milk, Saliva, Sweat, Urine, Organ, Bladder, Brain, Basal ganglia, Cerebral cortex, Cingulate cortex, Anterior cingulate cortex, Posterior cingulate cortex, Hippocampus, Lateral ventricles, Corona radiata, Parietal lobe, Parietal white matter, Temporal lobe, Thalamus, Gland, Gonad, Testicle, Intestine, Kidney, Liver, Muscle, Skeletal muscle, Placenta, Prostate, Skin, Skin tissue, Epidermis, Stratum corneum, Spleen, Tissue, Connective tissue, Connective tissue cell, Fibroblast, Nervous tissue, Nervous tissue cells, Nerve cell, Neuron, Subcellular level of nervous cells, Myelin sheath, Cellular (general class), Subcellular, Cytoplasm, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Mitochondria, Nucleus, Excreta material, Feces
  • Metabolite source:
    Homo sapiens, endogenous metabolite
Age-variations
Age group comparisons
Method: LC-MS; GC-MS
Sample: plasma
PubMed PMID: 18384253
Age group comparisons
Method: DW-MRS
Sample: left centrum semiovale
PubMed PMID: 22081680
Age group comparisons
Method: H-MRS
Sample: corona radiata
PubMed PMID: 15708441
Linear regression
Method: magnetic resonance
Sample: anterior cingulate cortex
PubMed PMID: 23709317
β = 0.875 (y = βx + α)
p-value < 0.05
Linear regression
Method: magnetic resonance
Sample: anterior cingulate cortex
PubMed PMID: 23709317
β = 0.952 (y = βx + α)
p-value < 0.05
Linear regression
Method: magnetic resonance
Sample: anterior cingulate cortex
PubMed PMID: 23709317
β = 1.178 (y = βx + α)
p-value < 0.05
Linear regression
Method: magnetic resonance
Sample: posterior cingulate cortex
PubMed PMID: 23709317
β = 0.444 (y = βx + α)
p-value < 0.05
Linear regression
Method: magnetic resonance
Sample: posterior cingulate cortex
PubMed PMID: 23709317
β = 0.535 (y = βx + α)
p-value < 0.05
Linear regression
Method: magnetic resonance
Sample: posterior cingulate cortex
PubMed PMID: 23709317
β = 0.55 (y = βx + α)
p-value < 0.05
Linear regression
Method: SVS-LCM
Sample: parietal white matter
PubMed PMID: 30659340
β = 0.0045 (y = βx + α)
p-value < 0.05
Linear regression
Method: Hybrid
Sample: parietal white matter
PubMed PMID: 30659340
β = 0.0111 (y = βx + α)
p-value < 0.05
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